The Concept Of Karma In Hinduism

For this final, you must answer the following questions as directed. Strong answers will incorporate information you have gathered from the required readings. In addition the last two questions ask you to draw on the foundational knowledge about religions that you have gained from the course and apply that knowledge to an assessment of a real-world issue.  You do not have to complete this exam in one sitting. Rather than the typical process of “studying” for an exam, you will be preparing your answers and essay. Be sure to number your answers appropriately under each heading.

Recommended practices: When referencing the textbook, you must use in-text citations with page numbers like this: (Barker, 25). If you quote a film or refer to the film, be clear which film you are referencing and what specific ways it contributes to your answer. In other words, don’t simply say, “The movie about Buddha made me realize that Buddhism is a contemplative religion. “ Say, “In the movie about Buddha, the narrator said that the Buddha discovered enlightenment by contemplating compassion while sitting under the Bodhi tree. This emphasis on both compassion for others and individual contemplation marks the foundation of the Mahayana emphasis on the path of the bodhisattva.” Notice how much more specific the second statement is.  Work toward specificity and making clear connections that demonstrate your grasped the concepts in the textbook and films.  These answers will be graded based on the same rubric given in your discussion board particulars. The focus should be on using evidence from the course materials to substantiate an argument or analysis, depending on the question.

Short answer (Complete 2 of 4; approximately 150-200 words each)

Think of these questions as though you were explaining these concepts to a friend, family member, or colleague who knows nothing about these religions.

  1. Explain what samsara is in relation to the Buddhist notion that life is dukkha (suffering).
  2. What is shirk in Islam, and why is it such a serious violation in relation to Muslim understandings of Allah?
  3. What is the multiple meaning of jihad in Islam? How would you connect this notion of jihad be to the significance of the Five Pillars of Muslim faith and practice? Note, you don’t have to name the Five Pillars; focus on the way the function to orient the believer toward Allah.
  4. In Judaism, what is a bar mitzvah and/or bat mitzvah? Explain the theological significance of this ritual.

Long answer (Choose 1 of 3; approximately 250-350 words each)

  1. Define the concept of karma in Hinduism. Then explain how the development of bhakti worship in Hinduism relates to karma. Provide a specific example in which one’s practice of worship connects to one’s karmic merit?
  2. How would you explain the similarities and differences or connections and disconnections between the Hindu notion of atman and the Christian concept of a soul. Be sure to stick closely to the book for your evidence.
  3. Identify and explain key theological developments that emerge out of the Protestant Reformation of the 16th -17th Centuries?

Applying what you’ve learned essay  (approximately 350-500 words)

Instructions:

  1. Read one of the following articles listed at the end of these instructions.
  2. Summarize the article, and identify the importance of religion in the article.
  3. Then, using evidence from what you have learned from this class (especially the readings) about the religious traditions discussed, provide an analysis of the issue/problem/tensions at the heart of the article.

To provide the analysis, use what you have learned to help provide a reflection on the issues raised in the article and what aspects of the religion or religions discussed in the readings (history, beliefs, ethics, culture, gender, etc.) are relevant to the story. Think of it as though you are telling a friend or family member about the article and providing them with evidence you’ve learned about the religious traditions to help explain the complexities of the issue. Your job here is not to pass judgment but to provide an objective assessment of the situation by presenting perspectives grounded in the beliefs and/or practices of the relevant religious traditions. This is an opportunity for you to demonstrate how you can apply the knowledge you have gained to explain the religious dimensions of a current issue or problem.

Choose one of the following articles to frame your essay according to the instructions above.

  1. This article highlights current tensions between Islam and Hinduism in India. “Indian Court Acquits Hindu Leaders of Demolishing Historic Mosque” https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/30/world/asia/india-court-acquits-ayodhya.html
  2. This is an article on the current conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, highlighting the politics of ethnic and religious tensions between Christians and Muslims in the region. “Armenia-Azerbaijan: What’s behind the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict?” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54324772
  3. The following article sheds light on political challenges to interreligious and intercultural cooperation in Gaza: “Gaza Peace Activists Face Prison for Holding Video Calls with Israelis” https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/24/world/middleeast/gaza-zoom-activists-palestinian.html
  4. This is an article about the humanitarian crisis in Myanmar that continues still today. It gives a sense of the tensions between religion and national identity and some consequences of religious persecution: “Rohingya crisis: Nearly 300 Refugees Land in Indonesia after Months at Sea” https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-54034014
  5. The following is a news story from last year that points to some consequences of the intertwining of religion and national identity. “Russia’s War in Ukraine Leads to Historic Split in the Orthodox Church” https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2019/06/19/russias-war-in-ukraine-leads-to-historic-split-in-the-orthodox-church/34985/
  6. The following is a Pew Research examination of the public support for restrictions on religious practices during Covid. “Americans Oppose Religious Exemptions from Coronavirus-Related Restrictions” https://www.pewforum.org/2020/08/07/americans-oppose-religious-exemptions-from-coronavirus-related-restrictions/
  7. This is a news story on religious diversity and tensions (historical and current) in India, and how they have been exacerbated by the pandemic. “How Covid 19 is Inflaming India’s Social and Religious Tensions.” https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/how-covid-19-is-inflaming-indias-social-and-religious-tensions

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