How to report would be marked and how it should be written:
This major assessment will be comprised of a written report submitted at end of the course encompassing a literature review and the student’s research including results, discussion and conclusions. The report should be no longer than 10,000 words and can be prepared as a journal submission in this field of research (the format will be discussed with supervisor). Variations are allowed based on how the type of research is usually reported. The report should generally be presented with an abstract, introduction, methods, results and discussion and references.
This report will be marked by two independent assessors in the school or elsewhere (when expertise is needed). This assessment is based on the following components.
- Literature review showing knowledge of the topic area, rationale for the research aims and question
- Comprehensive details of the methods and techniques applied for the research (this will reflect level of understanding of the research methodology)
- Content and organisation of the report, coverage of key issues
- Overall discussion and conclusions, including key issues in the context of existing literature and any limitations of the research conducted
- Correctness and appropriate use of references
- Appropriate use of figures and tables, including complete legends and details; overall organisation, logic and clarity of the report
References
Excellent and extensive evidence of resources and references in all areas.
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this is a research paper:
I need to show that there is a gab in literature related to Objective and subjective measures in this specific area I am researching. The aim of this research is to compare psychophysical visual function measurements with the subjective impressions of related scenes.
The experiment involves recording perceived vision responses (called visual threshold) both psychophysically (objectively) while degrading vision in a controlled manner, by placing scattering or blurring lenses before the eye. and (subjectively) comparing it to measurement vision satisfaction collected from participants on related blurred and clear scenes. I need you to write the sections and elaborate make the literature rich in information.
the main idea is we are looking for a new objective way to measure the vision. As we can measure the vision satisfaction subjectively, but the industry wants an objective method in order to use this method in clinics, more sensitive to vision changes than conventional Snellen chart test or conventional VA test.
in the presence of scattered filter (as a blur condition) and Refractive blur filters (as a blur condition) and investigate the correlation with the subjective visual.
22 participants were enrolled in this study,
here is a Background short Literature Review just to help you understand what is required:
Standard visual acuity tests have limitations as devices to assess visual performance. While, as their name implies, they permit determination of an individual’s visual acuity, this represents only a small part of the whole visual experience. It is particularly evident that acuity measurement does not well reflect the subject impression of the perceived quality of vision evident to the observer. For example, it is common for cataract patients to report poor subjective vision while maintaining high levels of acuity1. Psychophysical measures of vision have been proposed as more meaningful alternatives to acuity. One of these, the contrast sensitivity function, is a reflection of an individual’s ability to perceive contrast across a range of object charcateristics2 and well understood to provide substantially more information about the visual system than acuity measurement alone 3,4. While it is known that the contrast sensitivity function does reflect aspects of the subjective perception of vision, it is not well understood which portions of the function are most influential. For example, are there one or more spatial frequencies that are particularly important for an acceptable subjective response and does this vary when vision is less than perfect?
References:
- Taipale, C., E.J. Holmström, and R. Tuuminen, Preoperative visual acuity does not correlate with patient satisfaction for cataract surgery. Acta Ophthalmologica, 2018. 96(8): p. e1038.
- Arden, G. B., & Jacobson, J. J. (1978). A simple grating test for contrast sensitivity: preliminary results indicate value in screening for glaucoma. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 17(1), 23-32.
introduction:
Abstract (needs further writing and editing) :
Good visual acuity does not appear to be consistently associated with good subjective vision quality. In this paper the psychophysics measurement of the visual system is investigated using means of two factors presented stimulus in a forced-choice procedure. The Objective psychophysical measurements appear to be ——— with the psychophysical measurements. Method: (n= 38) healthy eyes with visual acuity of 6/9 or better. In this study we have developed a specific vision test to record the absolute threshold of the observer while conducting the objective test on the monitor under seven conditions of visual blur while the subjectively assessing images quality using the seven blur conditions. investigate the association between the objective measurements and how the observer rates the quality of the perceived image subjectively. Statistical analysis showed large amplitude with of association between the objective measurements and the subjective measurements with natural images than with noise-free cloud 4images. we didn’t use age as a contributing factor in determining the results of this study.
Keywords: Consciousness, psychophysics, 1/f images string theory
Psychophysical study and experimental research on the measurement of visual sensations when get affected by different blur conditions ……
- Introduction
while a great deal of research has been done analysing the association between subjective and objective vision measurements—–
1.1 Consciousness:
visual consciousness, the quality of visual information the brain receives, and processes has a huge impact on the individual’s life, as the brain collects upwards of 90% of information about the environment through the eyes.
1.1Acuity
Acuity and the different types of vision acuity tests
include: (conventional Snellen chart test is not a sensitive measure)
and measuring CSF using Gabor patches.
1.2What is Psychophysics?
-psychophysics definition
-psychophysics methods (include staircase variation on the method of limits as this is what was used in the study with the Gabor patches on the screen)
-analytical purposes of Psychophysics (as in this study we measure how sensitive vision is to -literature on psychophysical measured threshold values variation due to fluctuation in the stimulus, neural activity, attention, and psychological bias.
the changes in contrast and spatial frequencies under different conditions of blur) and distinguish subjectively between two different visual blur conditions by rating the blur from 1-100 (0=no blur, 100=very blurry).
-(in general and related to vision)
-How the brain interacts with the visual stimulus (different contrast sensitivity and different spatial frequency).
– controlling response bias and guessing: the two-alternative forced choice producer sets the guessing rate at 0.5
– single detection theory to understand threshold variability and to control subject bias.
-pay-off matrix
– 1/f images and vision (emitting noise from images using Fourier Transform).
1.3 Threshold of vision Contrast Sensitivity types and definition,
-absolute threshold (measured when Contrast and Spatial frequencies changes)
-Gabor patches used in
-include vision band-pass, and how in some conditions the filters used Infront of the eye could act as band-pass filter which will reflect on the threshold we have as it will allow some spatial frequencies to pass through to the eye while stopping others.
find literature about stimulus configuration Gabor patches. stimulus configuration Gabor patches.
1.4 1/f images (or noise free images) or as some call it clouds, ( the figure below )
used to detect the visual threshold in absence of objects detection as object detection/ face detection can increase the bias because the brain will increase the contrast sensitivity function when detecting an object.
1.5
The extent of dissociation between the objective and subjective visual perception in human hasn’t been resolved up until now. Accordingly, the person’s ability to conduct a visual forced choice task is referred to as objective visual perception, on the flip side the visual awareness a person pays to their objective performance on the same task is referred to as the subjective visual perception. To further understand the association between the subjective and objective perceptual experience we need to understand consciousness.
most majority of neurophysiologists accept the theory in order to assess consciousness we need psychophysics.
the observer consciences experience of seeing
- the method of connecting consciousness with physical tasks is called “the hard problem” and was found in 1995 by the cognitive scientist and philosopher David Chalmers. According to Chalmers, “The really hard problem of consciousness is the problem of experience. Most existing theories of consciousness either deny the phenomenon, explain something else, or elevate the problem to an eternal mystery.”
- .
2.Method:
2.1. Covid-19 Precautions (please rewrite this section to sounds in harmony with the rest of the report)
at the year of conducting this study we were facing an unusual global situation Covid19 in 2020. Therefore, for everyone’s safety and to prevent COVID19 from spreading, it is important that the COVID-19 social distancing instructions and the instructions on COVID19 Safety Checklist are followed. One participant was booked every 2 hours. We received approval from the Phoenix Recovery Team for Return to Work in areas and activities relevant to the project prior to start taking participant in. The day before the booked visit the researcher would: (a) Call participant to confirm the appointment (b) ask participant if they have any of COVID19 ’s key symptoms ( e.g. Yes No fever, dry cough, difficulty breathing, runny nose) or if they have been in close contact with a COVID19 confirmed case within the last 14 days prior to the visit, If a “Yes” response was returned on any one of the previous questions , the appointment would be terminated and the participant was advised to seek a COVID 19 test and rescheduled after a negative result is confirmed. On the day of the data collection before obtaining written consent: (a) Cleaning and disinfecting test equipment prior to each participant.(b) Meet participant at the elevator and walk them to the lab.(c) Recheck key symptoms, if any found, reschedule and ask participant to get tested.(d) Provide hand sanitizer and mask to participant.(e) Wear a mask at all times. On completion of data collection (a) Walk Participant to the elevator and help them to exit the building if needed. (b) Clean and disinfect test equipment after each participant. (c) Disinfect used door handles, light switches after each participant.
2.2. Participant
twenty-two participants were included. Education levels were bachelor’s degree to Ph.D.
Inclusion criteria and recruitment methods for this study was —-. Participants were recruited from the. Individuals who were 65 years and older and did not have any significant physical, cognitive, or functional (for the image rating (impairments at the time of enrolment were recruited for participation in the study. Exclusionary criteria for this sample were (a) age younger than 65 years; (b) significant functional impairment
(for image rating) Language and communication skills were rated on a three-point scale
2.3. Materials
Assessment relevant to this analysis was set of seven blur conditions lenses, and a set of different blurred images to and an image self-rating was evaluated by participants on a 100-point scale (0%= no blur to 100% = maximum blur)
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