The research hypothesis on the effect of smoking on lung cancer is stated below: //////Smokers have higher risk of lung cancer than nonsmokers. The independent variable is SMOKING (smoker versus nonsmoker) and LUNG CANCER (lung cancer present versus lung cancer absent) is the dependent variable. The corresponding null hypothesis is: a. Smokers have lower risk of lung cancer than nonsmokers. b. Smokers have the same risk of lung cancer as nonsmokers. c. Smokers have much higher risk of lung cancer than nonsmokers
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